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Admiral Sir Philip Charles Calderwood Henderson Durham, GCB (29 July 1763 – 2 April 1845) was a Royal Navy officer whose service in the American War of Independence, French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars was lengthy, distinguished and at times controversial. ==Biography== Destined to be one of the luckiest men in the Georgian Navy, Philip Charles Durham was born in Largo, Fife in 1763, the fourth child and third son〔 Siblings were:- * (1754 - 1840) James Durham (later General) * (1756 - 1815) Thomas Durham * (1760 - 1791) Margaret Strange (''née'' Durham) * (1764 - 1786) William Durham 〕 of James Durham 〔(1732 - 1808)〕 His maternal grandmother was the diarist Margaret Calderwood.〔Stuart W. McDonald, ‘Calderwood , Margaret (1715–1774)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010 (accessed 12 Jan 2015 )〕 He came from a wealthy landed family, and entered the navy aged fourteen in 1777 aboard the ship of the line HMS ''Trident''. His first year at sea became rather difficult when he found himself under a tyrannical and occasionally sadistic commander,〔Captain Anthony James Pye Molloy, subsequently court-martialed as a result of his actions in the Battle 1 June 1794.〕 who reduced the ship to a state of near mutiny on a couple of occasions. In 1778 Durham procured his discharged and afterwards obtained a position on HMS ''Edgar'' in British waters where conditions were far more pleasant and educational. On this ship he saw his first action during the Great Siege of Gibraltar, gaining the attention of Admiral Richard Kempenfelt,〔Was selected to assist with signals〕 with whom he served on HMS ''Victory'' and HMS ''Royal George''. Durham was watch officer on 29 August 1782 when, through no fault of his own, the ''Royal George'', which was heeled for repairs, suddenly and catastrophically sank at Spithead. Being on deck, Durham was able to jump overboard and swim to safety, but the Admiral 〔Richard Kempenfelt〕 and over 800 persons lost their lives. Durham was transferred to HMS ''Union'' in which he saw further service at the siege of Gibraltar before making a cruise to the West Indies and then another one down the African coast in HMS ''Raisonnable'' as a junior lieutenant.〔Lieutenant 26 December 1782.〕 With failing health and the end to the war that year however, Durham was temporarily retired from the navy and spent the next two years living in France before returning to the sea. In 1786 he served in HMS ''Barfleur''. The emergency in 1790 brought him promotion to Commander on 2 November 1790 and command of HMS ''Daphne''. From there he moved in 1791 to HMS ''Cygnet''. On 12 February 1793 Durham took command of the small brig HMS ''Spitfire''. ''Spitfire'' was pierced for 14 guns but only carried ten.〔O'Byrne (1849), Vol. 1, p.319.〕 The next day he captured the French privateer ''Afrique''. The capture of ''Afrique'' was the first capture of the war of a vessel flying ''La tricolore''. For this feat Lloyd's of London gave him a piece of plate worth 100 guineas,〔 or £300,〔Long (1895), p.432.〕 their first such award of the war.〔 Durham received promotion to post captain on 24 June 1793 and command of the frigate HMS ''Narcissus''. From her, on 22 October, he moved to HMS ''Hind''. In ''Hind'' he brought in a convoy of 157 merchant ships from the Mediterranean in the face of enemy opposition. This feat provoked accolades and rewards, and he took over the frigate HMS ''Anson'' in 1796. ''Anson'' was the biggest frigate in the Navy, cut down (razeed) from a ship of the line to oppose large French frigates, and in her fought numerous actions, especially at the Battle of Donegal in October 1798.〔12 October 1798〕 On 28 March 1799 he married Lady Charlotte Matilda Bruce,〔(28 March 1771 – 21 February 1816)〕 daughter of royal governess Lady Elgin and sister of the Lord Elgin of Elgin Marbles fame, and continued his service in home waters 〔1800 1803 in HMS Endymion (1797)〕 until the Peace of Amiens. Following the resumption of hostilities, Durham was given HMS ''Defiance'', which he took to join Admiral Sir Robert Calder's fleet in 1804 and participated in the battle of Cape Finisterre〔22 July 1805〕 after which he was informally reprimanded by Calder for being "over zealous" in pursuit of the enemy. Following the battle Admiral Calder requested a court martial to acquit his own conduct and called Captain Durham to appear in his defence along with two other captains. Unlike his two comrades, Durham flatly refused to leave his ship which had been repaired at Portsmouth and specially requested by Lord Nelson and so was still in command at the Battle of Trafalgar a few months later. The other two captains, William Brown and William Lechmere commanding HMS ''Ajax'' and HMS ''Thunderer'' missed the battle whilst in England. At the Battle of Trafalgar, ''Defiance'' headed straight for the Spanish flagship ''Principe de Asturias'' but was blocked by the . Deliberately ramming her opponent, ''Defiance'' tore off most of the French ship's bow and devastatingly raked her before fighting a long gun duel with the battered ''Aigle'' as the ''Berwick'' wallowed in her wake (she sank after the battle). The ''Defiance'' was unable to gain the upper hand against the ''Aigle'', and so a young midshipman named Jack Spratt swam between the ships and leaped on board, fighting alone against the entire French crew until support could be given from his ship. The British crew then swarmed across the Frenchman and captured her. Durham was twice wounded in the hand-to-hand combat, but was highly praised by both Admiral Collingwood and Thomas Masterman Hardy for his actions. Retiring with his battered ship (which had suffered 17 men killed 53 wounded, and heavy damage), Durham arrived in England in time to take part in Calder's court-martial anyway, as well as be a banner bearer at Nelson's funeral. Following his recovery and receipt of the usual awards for a Trafalgar captain, Durham was transferred to HMS ''Renown'' which he commanded in the English Channel and the Mediterranean until 1810 when he was made a Rear-Admiral.〔Rear Admiral of the Blue 31 July 1810, of the White 12 August 1812, of the Red 4 June 1814〕 〔Flew his flag on:- *1811 HMS Ardent 64 guns *1811 HMS Hannibal 74 guns *1812 HMS Venerable 74 guns *1812 HMS Bulwark 74 guns 〕 In 1813 he was given command of the Leeward Islands and captured two enemy frigates on his way there in HMS ''Venerable''. He remained at this post until the end of the war in 1815 when the French West Indies surrendered to him. He was Knighted and created ''Knight Commander (KCB)''.〔2 January 1815〕 Following his first wife's death in 1816 he married, in 1817,〔15 October 1817〕 wealthy heiress Anne Isabella Henderson 〔(28 January 1782 – 18 December 1844)〕 but this marriage was also childless. In 1819, was promoted to Vice Admiral 〔Vice Admiral of the Blue 12 August 1819, of the White 19 July 1821, of the Red 27 May 1825〕 He was on friendly terms with King George III, who was especially fond of Durham's long, rambling invented tales, often shouting "That's a Durham!" when he heard such a tale regardless of the raconteur. His semi-retirement was punctuated in 1830 with a promotion to full admiral 〔Admiral of the Blue 1 December 1830, of the White 10 January 1837, of the Red 23 November 1841〕 and conferment as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 1 December. He was later a Member of Parliament for Queenborough in 1830 and Devizes in 1834 and naval Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth 〔(1836–1839)〕 and was the second president of the Army and Navy Club in London. He came to add the names Henderson 〔1817〕 and Calderwood 〔1840〕 to his own as part of a deal in order to gain inheritances from elderly relatives. Following his second wife's death in 1844, Durham journeyed to Italy on private business, making it to Rome and Naples before he was struck down at age 81 by bronchitis. He died a short while later, on 2 April 1845, his remains being returned to Largo for burial in the family vault. He had an illegitimate daughter, Ann Bower (1789/90 - 1858), but left no further descendants. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philip Charles Durham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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